Read the text and answer the questions.

1. The Alaska pipeline starts at the frozen edge of the
2. Arctic Ocean. It stretches southward across the largest
3. and northernmost state in the United States, ending at
4. a remote ice-free seaport village nearly 800 miles from
5. where it begins. It is massive in size and extremely
6. complicated to operate.
7. The steel pipe crosses windswept
8. plains and endless miles of delicate tundra that tops
9. the frozen ground. It weaves through crooked canyons,
10. climbs sheer mountains, plunges over rocky crags,
11. makes its way through thick forests, and passes over or
12. under hundreds of rivers and streams. The pipe is 4 feet in
13. diameter, and up to 2 million barrels (or 84 million
14. gallons) of crude oil can be pumped through it daily.
15. Resting on H-shaped steel racks called "bents," long
16. sections of the pipeline follow a zigzag course high
17. above the frozen earth. Other long sections drop out of
18. sight beneath spongy or rocky ground and return to the
19. surface later on. The pattern of the pipeline's up-and-
20. down route is determined by the often harsh demands
21. of the arctic and subarctic climate, the tortuous lay of
22. the land, and the varied compositions of soil, rock, or
23. permafrost (permanently frozen ground). A little more
24. than half of the pipeline is elevated above the ground.
25. The remainder is buried anywhere from 3 to 12 feet,
26. depending largely upon the type of terrain and the
27. properties of the soil.
28. One of the largest in the world, the pipeline cost
29. approximately $8 billion and is by far the biggest
30. and most expensive construction project ever
31. undertaken by private industry. In fact, no single
32. business could raise that much money, so eight major oil
33. companies formed a consortium in order to share
34. the costs. Each company controlled oil rights to
35. particular shares of land in the oil fields and paid
36. into the pipeline-construction fund according to the
37. size of its holdings. Today, despite enormous
38. problems of climate, supply shortages, equipment
39.  breakdowns, labor disagreements, treacherous
40.  terrain, a certain amount of mismanagement, and
41.  even theft, the Alaska pipeline has been completed
42. and is operating.